The cervical spine’s seven vertebrae are the C1 vertebrae (atlas), C2 vertebrae (axis), C3 vertebrae, C4 vertebrae, C5 vertebrae, C6 vertebrae, and the C7 cervical vertebrae.When a nerve in the spinal cord is injured, the nerve location and number are often used to describe how. Located below the skull, it ends before the thoracic spine (longest region of the spine) (5). The cervical spine is composed of the first seven vertebrae in the spine (4).
7 Clinical Relevance: Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidneys The horns of the gray matter divide the white matter into posterior, lateral, and anterior funiculi. Injury to the spinal cord and spinal nerves at these levels cause loss of function to the areas they supply.Spinal white matter contains pathways ascending to or descending from higher levels of the nervous system, as well as nerve bers interconnecting different levels of the spinal cord. Spinal cord injury is named based on the section or level of the injured spine. Co1 spinal nerve supplies the genital and rectal areas. 4.1 Clinical Relevance: Variation in Arterial Supply to the KidneyS1 through S5 spinal nerves also supply the lower extremities as well as the pelvic region.
Five segmental arteries originate from these two divisions.The avascular plane of the kidney (line of Brodel) is an imaginary line along the lateral and slightly posterior border of the kidney, which delineates the segments of the kidney supplied by the anterior and posterior divisions. At the hilum level, the renal artery forms an anterior and a posterior division, which carry 75% and 25% of the blood supply to the kidney, respectively. Due to the anatomical position of the abdominal aorta (slightly to the left of the midline), the right renal artery is longer, and crosses the vena cava posteriorly.The renal artery enters the kidney via the renal hilum. It leaves the body via the urethra, which opens out into the perineum in the female and passes through the penis in the male.In this article we shall look at the anatomy of the kidneys – their anatomical position, internal structure and vasculature.The kidneys are supplied with blood via the renal arteries, which arise directly from the abdominal aorta, immediately distal to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureters. They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body.Metabolic waste and excess electrolytes are excreted by the kidneys to form urine.
These interlobar arteries undergo further division to form the arcuate arteries. They are situated either side every renal pyramid. Each segmental artery divides to form interlobar arteries. This is of crucial importance as trauma or obstruction in one arterial branch will eventually lead to ischaemia and necrosis of the renal parenchyma supplied by this vessel.The segmental branches of the renal undergo further divisions to supply the renal parenchyma:
The capillaries come together to form the efferent arterioles.In the outer two-thirds of the renal cortex, the efferent arterioles form what is a known as a peritubular network, supplying the nephron tubules with oxygen and nutrients. The afferent arterioles form a capillary network, the glomerulus, where filtration takes place. The interlobular arteries pass through the cortex, dividing one last time to form afferent arteriole s.
This is of crucial importance as trauma or obstruction in one arterial branch will eventually lead to ischaemia and necrosis of the renal parenchyma supplied by this vessel. Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nervesNote: The renal artery branches are anatomical end arteries - there is no communication between vessels. Psoas major, quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis
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